Finding a lump in your breast can be alarming, but not all lumps are cancerous. A fibroadenoma is one of the most common benign (non-cancerous) breast lumps. While generally harmless, fibroadenomas should not be ignored; they may require removal in some cases.

As a Breast Oncoplastic and Reconstructive Surgeon, I help women understand and manage breast conditions like fibroadenomas — with clarity, precision, and care. In this blog, we'll discuss what fibroadenomas are, how they're diagnosed, and when surgery may be needed.

What Is a Fibroadenoma?

A fibroadenoma is a benign tumour comprising both glandular and fibrous breast tissue. It typically presents as a painless, smooth, firm lump that moves easily under the skin. Fibroadenomas are most common in women between 15 and 35 years old but can occur at any age.

These lumps are not cancerous and rarely become cancerous. However, proper evaluation is essential to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other breast conditions.

Types of Fibroadenomas

There are several subtypes, including:

• Simple Fibroadenoma: The most common type, with a uniform structure and no cancer risk.
• Complex Fibroadenoma: May contain cysts or calcifications and carry a slightly increased risk of breast cancer.
• Giant Fibroadenoma: Larger than 5 cm, more common in younger women, and may distort the breast shape.
• Juvenile Fibroadenoma: Occurs in adolescents and may grow rapidly.

What Causes Fibroadenomas?

The exact cause is unknown, but hormonal influence—particularly estrogen—is believed to play a role. That's why fibroadenomas are more common in reproductive years and may enlarge during pregnancy or shrink after menopause.

Symptoms and Detection

Most women discover fibroadenomas accidentally while doing a self-exam or during a routine breast checkup.

Typical features include:

• A round or oval lump
• Firm or rubbery texture
• Smooth edges
• Freely mobile under the skin
• Usually painless

Any new lump in the breast should be evaluated by a doctor — even if it feels benign.

How Is a Fibroadenoma Diagnosed?

Diagnosis usually involves a combination of clinical exam and imaging:

• Ultrasound (especially in younger women)
• Mammogram (in women over 40 or with suspicious features)
• Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or Core Needle Biopsy for tissue sampling

These tests help distinguish fibroadenomas from other conditions, including cysts or malignant tumours.

When Should a Fibroadenoma Be Removed?

Not all fibroadenomas need surgical removal. Many can be safely observed with regular follow-up. However, removal may be recommended in the following cases:

1. Large or Growing Lump

If the fibroadenoma is more than 2.5–3 cm or continues to grow over time, removal is usually advised to prevent breast distortion or discomfort.

2. Giant Fibroadenoma

These can cause significant asymmetry and may mimic cancer on scans. They are best treated surgically.

3. Uncertain Diagnosis

Removal ensures a definitive diagnosis and peace of mind if imaging or biopsy results are inconclusive or suspicious.

4. Associated Symptoms

Pain, tenderness, or pressure in the breast may prompt removal, especially if affecting daily life.

5. Cosmetic Reasons

Some women opt for excision due to a visible breast lump, asymmetry, or anxiety about the lump.

Surgical Removal: What to Expect

Surgical removal of a fibroadenoma is called a lumpectomy or excision biopsy. It is typically a day-care procedure performed under local or general anaesthesia, depending on the size and location of the lump.

Dr Kanmani Govindrao Telkar uses oncoplastic techniques to ensure a good cosmetic outcome while safely removing the lump. The incision is made strategically — often along the natural skin lines — to minimize scarring.

Recovery is usually quick, with a return to normal activities in a few days. Pathology confirms the benign nature of the lump after removal.

Can Fibroadenomas Come Back?

Yes, fibroadenomas can recur in the same or opposite breast, especially in younger women. One fibroadenoma doesn't necessarily increase your cancer risk, but regular monitoring is essential.

FAQs

1. Is a fibroadenoma a form of cancer?

No. It is a benign (non-cancerous) breast tumour. However, it should be evaluated to rule out other conditions.

2. Can fibroadenomas turn into cancer?

In rare cases, complex fibroadenomas may carry a slightly increased cancer risk, but the majority do not.

3. Is surgery the only treatment?

Not always. Regular observation may be sufficient if the fibroadenoma is small, not growing, and confirmed benign.

4. Is fibroadenoma removal painful?

The procedure is well-tolerated and usually done with anaesthesia. Post-op discomfort is mild and temporary.

5. How often should I follow up if it's not removed?

Your doctor may recommend an ultrasound every 6–12 months to monitor size and behaviour.

Conclusion

Fibroadenomas are common and usually harmless, but that doesn't mean they should be ignored. Understanding when to watch and when to act is key to breast health. If you've been diagnosed with a fibroadenoma or noticed a new lump, consult a breast specialist for evaluation and guidance.

As a surgeon focused on cancer safety and cosmetic outcomes, I ensure every patient receives care that balances health, comfort, and aesthetics.